A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF PREOPERATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN FOR THYROID CARTILAGE INVOLVEMENT AND T-CATEGORIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA LARYNX UNDERGOING TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY

Background: Treatment for carcinoma larynx is dependent on the T-category, with T4a disease (major thyroid cartilage involvement and extra-laryngeal extension) requiring radical surgery while lesser stages are treated with voice conserving treatments including radiation or chemoradiation.Pre-treatment computerized tomography (CT) scan is routinely

Human-mediated introductions are reshuffling species distribution on a global scale.Consequently, an increasing number of allopatric taxa are now brought into contact, promoting introgressive hybridization between incompletely isolated species and new adaptive gene transfer.The broadcast spawning marine species, Ciona robusta, has been recently int

Signals with multi-phase shift keying (M-PSK) have long been successfully used in digital information transmission systems with high bandwidth.Their use is regulated by various communication standards.The noise immunity characteristics of their reception against the Egg Pot background of white Gaussian noise are well studied.The article deals with

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) leads to end stage kidney disease (ESKD) through the development and expansion of multiple cysts throughout the kidney parenchyma.An increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays an important role in generating and maintaining fluid-filled cysts because cAMP activates protein kinase A (